Jin Jun Luo
Idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) is a chronic central hypersomnolence disorder that impairs daily functioning and quality of life. Lacking definitive biomarkers, IH is frequently misdiagnosed or mistaken for psychiatric conditions. Diagnostic challenges include the limited specificity of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) in distinguishing IH from narcolepsy type 2 (NT2).

Dr. Musa Absi, Dr. Jonathan Iliff and Dr. Rayhan Ghanchi
Community treatment orders (CTOs) remain one of the most contested instruments in contemporary mental health law, sitting at the intersection of relapse prevention, constrained resources, and rights-based practice. Recent work from 2020 continues to show mixed population level outcomes but also suggests that CTOs may offer benefits for selecting high-risk subgroups when embedded in comprehensive community care.

Sumith Reddy Atla, P Sonalika Reddy, Thatikonda Ganesh and Poorvi M Patill
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in brain development and function, influencing various neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and intellectual disabilities (ID). Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiota, has been linked to altered neuroinflammation, impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and changes in neurotransmitter production, all of which contribute to NDD pathophysiology.

Lin Zhang
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Characterized by cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and impaired daily functioning, AD’s complex pathology-including amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles-has hindered accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. This mini review discusses current diagnostic advancements and therapeutic interventions aimed at addressing these challenges.

Ezekiel Suhas Yagnamurthy, Forum Hetalkumar Joshi, Kambalapally Rohit and Marri Manichandan
There are many names for primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), such as reticulum cell sarcoma, diffuse histiocytic lymphoma, and microglioma. Initially, there was uncertainty about the origin of the cell, which is reflected in the proliferation of names. PCNSL is an extranodal, high-grade non-Hodgkin B-cell neoplasm that usually consists of large cells or immunoblasts. Brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, the spinal cord, or the eyes can produce it.

Sara Elizabeth O’Donnell
Most primitive reflexes should be inhibited by twelve months of age. The process of inhibition can be interrupted in several ways including neglect. This can lead to developmental challenges in a range of areas including emotional regulation. Rhythmic movement training (RMT) is a reflex integration movement programme that aims to inhibit primitive reflexes and promote developmental maturity. No peer-reviewed research regarding reflex integration programmes and fostered children was found in the literature search.

Indhu Kodali, Anushiya Mohan and Varsha Pidugu
An evaluation of future options to control symptoms and halt progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is conducted after reviewing the substantial contributions made by Dr. Gerald Stern to past and current treatments for PD patients.

Triantafillia Reziti and Efthimios Mikropoulos
Introduction: Ataxia is a common symptom in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Motor-cognitive rehabilitation in such patients involves stimulation and enhancement of different brain regions, both of which rely on physiological pathways between the body and the brain, provoking brain plasticity and learning.

Sathwik Shetty, Kanjithanda Mandanna Bopanna, Praveen Ganigi, Khurram Khan and Tejesh Shavi

Background: Atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD) and Basilar invagination (BI) are complex craniospinal alignment pathologies with significant clinical morbid¬ity at presentation and a potential for life threatening complications.