An evaluation of future options to control symptoms and halt progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is conducted after reviewing the substantial contributions made by Dr. Gerald Stern to past and current treatments for PD patients. In addition to improving mitochondrial function and stopping synuclein and neuromelanin accumulation, as well as refining stem cell and gene therapies, these opportunities will depend on greater understanding of the relative contributions of the environment, genetics, and epigenetics to disease onset. It will be possible to achieve such advancements through the deployment of improved models for the disease.

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