The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in brain development and function, influencing various neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and intellectual disabilities (ID). Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiota, has been linked to altered neuroinflammation, impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and changes in neurotransmitter production, all of which contribute to NDD pathophysiology. Research has highlighted microbial signatures and metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as potential biomarkers for NDDs, making gut microbiota an exciting area for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Early-life factors, including maternal health, delivery mode, diet, and antibiotic use, can significantly influence gut microbiota composition, thus affecting neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. Despite these promising findings, several challenges remain in translating gut microbiota research into clinical practice. Variability in individual microbiota profiles and a lack of standardized analysis methods complicate the identification of universal biomarkers for NDDs. Furthermore, while microbiota-targeted therapies like probiotics and dietary interventions have shown promise in preclinical and early clinical studies, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving the gut-brain connection is needed. As advancements in microbiome profiling, metabolomics, and non-invasive diagnostic techniques continue, there is potential for more personalized, effective interventions that can monitor, predict, and treat NDDs, improving patient outcomes and transforming clinical approaches to neurodevelopmental care.

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